LME, FX & Macro
A warrant squeeze is underway on the LME — metal cancelled in Asian warehouses and shipped to the US ahead of the Section 232 cathode decision (~200kt US inflow in July, a record; COMEX stocks ~650kt, a 21-year high). This is location displacement, not consumption: over 1 Mt of visible copper exists globally, half of it stranded in the US.
The squeeze, quantified
Aug 6 settlements (Westmetall). On-warrant ~94kt is the last verified print (Aug 5–6); one JPMorgan note flagged 50kt cancelled in a single day. Yangshan premium: conflicting reads — $110 falling (Aug 5 sourcing) vs $115 and rising (LME weekly review, late July). Whether physical premiums confirm the rally is the tell to track: real rallies are led by physical.
Regime thresholds & the 24-month price deck
Regime thresholds — forecast these, not price
| On-warrant | Regime |
|---|---|
| >150kt | Contango, cost-curve pricing |
| 75–150kt | Transition — spreads volatile (HERE, ~94kt) |
| <75kt & falling | Stockout; convexity dominates; expect LME lending rules |
| <30kt | Exchange-intervention zone; 2021-style, over in weeks |
| Cash–3M spread | Read |
|---|---|
| $0–50 back. | Tight but orderly |
| $50–150 back. | Squeeze developing |
| $150–400 back. | Acute (HERE, $195) — expect LME lending rules |
| >$400 back. | 2021-style blow-off |
Rule of thumb from past episodes: each halving of on-warrant below 100kt ≈ +8–12% on price → a halving from 94kt to ~47kt implies ~$15,300–15,800. Squeezes self-correct via three mechanisms in order: warrants return (backwardation ≈ 30% annualized carry to holders), LME intervention (the standing Oct-2021 rulebook), and scrap response within 4–8 weeks — scrap is the most price-elastic copper supply there is.
24-month price deck (project base, revised Aug 6)
| Period | Bear (25%) | Base (50%) | Bull (25%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 full year avg | $13,001 | $13,645 | $14,065 |
| 2027 full year avg | $10,742 | $13,271 | $16,371 |
| 2028 Jan–Jul avg | $10,329 | $12,643 | $16,143 |
Base path shape: spike to ~$14,600 in Oct 2026 → rolls over through 2027 to ~$12,800 by Dec-27 → flattens $12,600–12,700 in H1 2028. Probability-weighted Jul-2028 ≈ $13,038. Anchors: incentive-price floor $12,000–12,130 (UBS/BlackRock/JPM); 90–95th-percentile cash cost only $7,700–8,800; ICSG refined surplus +96kt (2026) → +377kt (2027); supply recovering (Kamoa, Grasberg, Cobre Panamá, Oyu Tolgoi); demand growth marked down to ~1.6–1.8%.
The binary: Section 232 cathode tariff (proposed 15% Jan-27 → 30% Jan-28). Commerce missed its Jun 30 deadline; ~43% probability (MS). A "no" releases the >1Mt US stockpile back into the market: −$1,500 to −$2,500 within weeks. A "yes" extends the squeeze. Overshoots borrow from the future — a $15k spike pulls scrap forward, accelerates aluminium substitution and hastens the 2027 cap.
LME copper: sourced history + projection paths
LME copper: sourced history + projection paths ($/t)
Solid line: dated sourced prints. Faded lines from Aug 2026: bear / base / bull annual-average paths from the deck above (drawn as path shapes, not point forecasts).
Jan 29, 2026: $14,527 intraday ATH, closed $13,720. Aug 6, 2026: cash settlement $14,455 — the record zone again, this time on warrant mechanics. Apr-2025 level derived from ICRA's "~40% rise during FY26".
USD/INR — the second engine
USD/INR, checkpoints + forward
Two-year path and the 1-yr forward-implied rate. Higher = weaker rupee = higher ₹-copper.
Driver of the 2026 leg: the Feb-26 Iran strikes / Hormuz disruption and India's oil bill. RBI defended with reserves ($728bn → ~$682bn), a $103bn short-forward book (Mar-26) and an NRI deposit window. Partial recovery since the May low.
What it means for copper equities
- ₹-copper = LME × USDINR ÷ 1000 per kg. Aug 6: $14,455 × 95.25 ≈ ₹1,377/kg — matches the domestic spot print of ₹1,369/kg within 0.6%. The conversion identity holds; use it in the Models tab.
- FY26 average INR was ~87.9; spot is 95.25 (+8.4%). Even flat LME through FY27 gives every copper P&L a high-single-digit ₹ tailwind vs FY26 comps. When you see "+70% revenue growth", roughly 8 points of it is currency.
- Miner vs converter asymmetry: HCL's revenue is dollar-linked while costs (wages, power, royalty base) are rupee-heavy → INR depreciation drops ~straight to EBITDA (+₹22 cr per ₹1/USD at base). Converters pass metal through — for them INR mainly scales inventory gains and the ad-valorem slice of the spread.
- Forward market prices ~2.8%/yr depreciation (1-yr outright ≈ 97.9) vs 8.7% realized over the past year; TradingEconomics' model even sees 93.5 in 12 months. The models default to 95–96 with a slider — the honest range for FY27 averages is ~93–98.
- Scenario coupling: the INR bear case (oil re-shock, >98) tends to coincide with high commodity prices — partially self-hedging for copper names. The INR bull case (peace dividend, <92) usually arrives with softer copper too.
India macro & policy (structural layer)
Tailwinds (dated, verifiable)
Headwinds (equally dated)
Policy & event timeline
- Sep–Oct 2024
GST Council: reverse-charge mechanism on scrap from unregistered suppliers + 2% TDS — the formalization turn.
- Dec 1, 2024
Copper cathode QCO effective — import quality gate; helps domestic producers.
- Feb 2025
Budget 2025-26: copper/lead/zinc/brass scrap import duty cut to zero.
- Jul 30, 2025
US excludes refined copper/scrap from the 50% Section 232 tariff — COMEX falls >19% in minutes; scrap flows to Asia continue. A refined-copper tariff decision (~Jun 2026 recommendation) remains a squeeze catalyst.
- Nov 2025
China cuts recycled copper/aluminium import tariffs and eases standards — re-arms its scrap pull.
- Dec 2025
EU RESourceEU: export duties on copper scrap under consideration; metal-scrap trade surveillance already live since Jul 2025.
- Jan 29, 2026
LME copper all-time high $14,527/t intraday.
- Apr 1, 2026
EPR framework for non-ferrous metals operational (registration, certificates, compliance portal).
- Jul 7, 2026
Adani Kutch Copper cathode wins LME brand registration — domestic primary ramp is real.
- Jul 21 – Aug 6, 2026
LME flips to backwardation (first since January); on-warrant halves to ~94–102kt; cash settles $14,455 (Aug 6). Warrant squeeze in progress ahead of the overdue Section 232 cathode decision.
- FY28-29
First mandatory recycled-content year for copper (5%) — EPR certificate demand begins; scales to 20% by FY31-32.
Net read for a 1–3 year value investor
The structural story — demand growth, formalization, EPR — is genuine and survives a copper correction. The cyclical position does not: FY26 earnings across this group were inflated by a ~40% copper rally, record-tight scrap spreads, and inventory gains, and the market is capitalizing those earnings at growth-stock multiples. Over 1–3 years the most likely path includes at least one spread-compression or copper-correction episode; the names that survive it with their multiples intact are the ones with hedging, cash conversion and clean governance (Gravita, Pondy), while unhedged SME converters (Sunlite) will see it in the P&L first — which cuts both ways, since Sunlite is also the only one currently priced as if that episode were certain.